什么是工业化建筑系统 (IBS)？

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The Industrialised Building System is a construction technique whereby components are manufactured in a controlled environment. The controlled environment can be on-site or off-site and depends on the component manufactured or the type of building being constructed. Industrialised Building System is the Malaysian term used in Malaysian construction industry for prefabricated construction or pre-fab in short. Its usage has seen an increase in the worldwide construction industry. The system is commonly used in residential and commercial developments in Malaysia.

How IBS System is Used

工业化建筑系统在建筑行业内外有很多用途，尽管它的大部分用途都围绕着建筑行业。预制通常用于汽车行业，其中不同的车辆部件在工厂的各个部门制造，并在最终组装时组装在一起。

In the last few decades, prefabrication has made its way into the construction process and is more commonly used today. The system can be used for small components like wall sections or, on a larger scale, as a full-scale floor on a building. Initially used in homes and small-scale projects, the IBS system is now being used in large-scale construction such as hotels.

To put it in simple terms, take a landed property. Using traditional construction methods, every square inch of the property would be constructed on-site, and every component has to be delivered to the construction site. Applying the IBS system, parts of the property, say the walls or stairs, would be constructed off-site, transported to the site and assembled with ease. Imagine building your house to build a house using building blocks or Legos.

预制与模块化

根据 acuity.com 的 John L. 的说法，预制（马来西亚的工业化建筑系统）是用于在工厂最终组装施工现场之前制造的预制建筑或建筑组件的总称。另一方面，模块化结构是指在一个独立的单元中构建或组织的东西，类似于构建块。 

对于标记为“模块化”的东西，在交付到现场之前，必须在工厂中完成至少 70% 的项目。所有的模块化结构都是预制件，但并非所有的预制件都是模块化结构。模块化设计的一个典型例子是纽约市即将建成的 Ac NoMad Hotel by Marriott，它有 26 层，可能使其成为世界上最高的模块化结构。

AC NoMad酒店的一个完整的预制组件

预制的历史

Though prefabrication, Industrialised Building System and IBS system may be something new in Malaysia, its history can be traced way back to 3800 B.C. Some examples where prefabrication was used throughout history are: –

• 公元前 3800 年 - 世界上最古老的铁路轨道 Sweet Track 被推测使用了预制
• 1755 年 – 在 1755 年里斯本地震之后，里斯本的 Baixa 区使用预制构件重建，同时引入了一些最早的抗震设计形式
• 1851 年 – 伦敦水晶宫使用铁和玻璃的预制技术
• 1941 年至 1945 年 - 在第二次世界大战期间，英国政府使用预制件为战争中“炸毁”的数千个城市家庭建造临时房屋

马来西亚的预制

虽然术语预制和工业化建筑系统对大多数马来西亚人来说是陌生的，但马来西亚的预制始于 1960 年代。马来西亚的第一个预制例子是 Jalan Pekeliling 的 Tunku Abdul Rahman 公寓，于 1964 年竣工并于 2014 年拆除。该项目包括七栋 17 层公寓、四栋 4 层公寓和一个 40 层的商店.

马来西亚使用预制的另一个例子是槟城岛亚依淡 Jalan Rifle Range 的槟城第一个低成本高层住宅项目。这八座公寓于 1965 年竣工，至今仍屹立不倒。

Today, the Industrialised Building System is being used by many construction field property developers in Malaysia. Gamuda Land’s Rumah Selangorku Jade Hills in Kajang is one of the construction projects employed the Industrialised Building System. Using the system, the 714 units were completed one year ahead of schedule.

另一家利用工业化建筑系统的开发商是SP Setia，以其住宅和商业而闻名，并且是Setia Alam的开发商。 SP Setia 估计它在近 25,000 个住宅单元中使用了工业化建筑系统。此外，该公司将该系统应用于商业发展项目，例如 Setia City Mall（包括新阶段）和位于吉打州双溪大年的 AIMST 大学双溪大年校区。

The Industrialised Building System with prefabricated elements has also been utilised in non-property development. The most apparent usage of this system is the well-known SMART Tunnel. This megaproject used the Industrialised Building System to prefabricate tunnel linings documented by National Geographic’s Megastructures. The method was also utilised in the underground sections with tunnel forms of the MRT Kajang and Putrajaya Lines.

Other significant projects that have utilised the Industrialised Building System in Malaysia, include: –

• CIQ Johor Bahru – 预制混凝土梁、柱和空心板
• 马来西亚吉隆坡开放大学 – 预制混凝土梁、柱和空心板
• Projek Perumahan Rakyat Telipok, Sabah – 钢模板系统
• 布城政府公寓 – 预制混凝土墙
• Telekom Tower – 空中花园和建筑顶峰的钢结构
• 布城水上运动中心 – 用于地板系统的管状钢和钢甲板
• 吉隆坡国际机场——主航站楼的钢屋顶结构
• 吉隆坡中央车站 – 钢屋顶结构和预制空心板
• 沙登医院——钢梁、钢柱和预制混凝土半板

工业化建筑系统如何运作？

CIDB IBS Sdn 使用 IBS 分数监督马来西亚的工业化建筑系统，该分数是根据建筑行业标准 18（CIS 18：2010）确定的。评分系统的最高分数为 100。IBS 分数越高，项目中使用的预制件百分比越高。虽然今天不可能达到完美的 IBS 分数，但有些项目可以达到 70 的 IBS 分数，更接近于模块化结构。

Advantages of IBS System 

The Industrialised Building System, better known as prefabrication, has many benefits:

1. 后勤

建筑行业面临的最大挑战之一是物流，尤其是在涉及大量材料时。通过预制，原材料可以在场外组装并运输到施工现场。 21 国提供更高效的交通方式英石 世纪以来，可以在任何给定时间运输大量预制零件。

2. 节省空间

空间在建筑行业很重要，建筑商经常面临缺乏进行现场组装的空间。借助工业化建筑系统，无需为装配分配专用区域，从而腾出宝贵的空间。这大大有利于在狭小空间和高度发达的城市地区进行的项目，如巴生谷、槟城岛、新山和马六甲。

3. 不受天气影响

虽然在中东和澳大利亚部分地区，天气不是问题，但马来西亚作为一个热带国家，容易受到突然和不可预测的天气变化的影响。通过预制，大部分工作都在室内进行，无需担心天气。

4. 材料的最佳使用

预制通常在受控环境中进行，从而可以更有效地使用原材料、控制噪音污染和有效回收利用。随着对环保建筑的推动日益增加，工业化建筑系统是一种环保的建筑方法。

5. 灵活性

传统的施工方法往往会留下临时脚手架，完工后必须永久拆除。但工业化建筑系统并非如此。一旦特定组件完全预制，工厂就可以根据下一个组件进行改造。这包括扩建建筑物、添加必要的机器以及安装新组件所需的利基安全系统。

6. 减少体力劳动和安全

使用工业化建筑系统，可以减少体力工人的数量，因为施工现场不需要他们。此外，由于预制通常使用机器和机器人，因此可以消除在困难和危险的工作中对人的接触的需要。机械的使用也将使预制能够全天候进行，并且仅在监督和紧急维护时才需要人工接触。

7. 缩短工期

Prefabrication allows developers to carry out more work in different places at the same time. A shorter construction time can be achieved to deliver the date production of housing units. Developers can also coordinate their prefabrication processes and the actual construction for a seamless build process without delays, resulting in a shorter construction period. This is evident in the Rumah Selangorku Jade Hills project, where its developer, Gamuda Land, highlighted that prefabrication allowed the project to be completed one year ahead of schedule.

8. 最先进技术的应用

工业化建筑系统等系统允许将最先进的技术集成到预制过程中。今天的预制使用 3D 建模、高精度激光束和人工智能来创建更精致的最终产品。

Disadvantages of IBS System

每个系统都有其公平的缺点，工业化建筑系统也不例外。

1. 后勤噩梦

工业化建筑系统通过其异地工作区实现了更好的组件物流，但运输最终产品可能是物流噩梦。如果预制产品超大、超长、超重，情况就更糟了。通常，运输这样的最终产品需要许多卡车、可以处理极端负载的专用货车，有时还需要安东诺夫 An-225 等特种飞机或船只。

障碍并不止于此，因为移动大型预制部件需要细致的运输规划。他们包括： -

• 预先规划必须采取的路线，以避免架空桥、电力线和不合适的道路
• 可能超过规定时间的临时封闭道路
• 交通只能在夜间交通拥堵较少的情况下进行

需要五辆卡车运输的大型预制负载

2. 成本

Transporting large volumes of prefabricated components or large singular components would incur a higher cost than traditional construction methods. Special equipment, specialised personnel and careful planning can contribute towards the high cost of transportation. Reducing the size of the prefabricated component would overcome this hurdle, but it is not a universal solution, especially with large components such as the 100-ton generator above. So, cost could be one of the hurdle in using IBS system. 

3. 机械故障

Utilising machines in systems like the IBS system greatly benefit the construction industry with its many benefits. But if there is a piece of faulty machinery and is not detected in the nick of time, the prefabricated components would not meet the required specifications. And the longer the time taken to detect the faulty machinery, the more fault components will be manufactured, and the higher the cost of rectifying the fault.

预制是建筑业的未来吗？

Prefabrication is being used more than ever now in the construction industry. The IBS system, unique to 马来西亚，虽然在马来西亚不是相对较新，但比以往任何时候都被更多地使用。工业化建筑系统的好处无疑是存在的，并且极大地有利于建筑行业。

Despite the green light, IBS system is not the future of the construction industry. This is because prefabrication dated back to 3800 BC. Prefabrication has always been there, but its popularity only grew as our technologies and construction methods developed over time.

那么，人们可能想知道如果不是预制，建筑行业的未来是什么？答案最令人惊讶，那就是 3D 建筑打印 (3DCP)。 3DCP 最初是在 1950 年代设想的，但当时可用的技术存在许多无法解决的障碍。随着我们技术的发展，3DCP 成为可能，许多公司都在试验 3D 打印建筑。

YouTube channel B1M mentioned in their video that 3D printing was initially used in small scale prototypes. Still, advancements in 3D printing technology have led to the creation of large scale fully functioning structures.

由 PERI 在德国贝克姆设计的 3D 打印房屋，获得国家政府认证，这是同类产品中的首创。

The completion of the home above opens up 3DCP on a much larger scale than today. The European Space Agency proposed that 3DCP could be used in extra-terrestrial construction on The Moon or Mars. While it may take years for 3D printed buildings to replace traditional construction methods, 3DCP is touted as the future of construction in IBS system. 

总结

Industrialised Building Systems (IBS system) may facilitate construction operation as it is become more normal in conventional construction methods. This methods of construction are being used in automotive, pilot projects, modular construction and affordable housing project.